Imperialism 2 обзор11/11/2022 ![]() ![]() It attempts to map the gravitational force of anarchism between militant nationalisms on opposite sides of the planet.” As he traces the rise of anarchist ideas and actions across Western Europe starting in the late 19 th century, he brings into the discussion sketches of revolutions and revolutionaries in Cuba, the Philippines, Haiti and Japan.Īnderson himself defies easy characterization. ![]() Anderson describes the book as “an experiment in … political astronomy. Under Three Flags tells several stories, brought into focus as they concatenate in Filipino nationalism. While in his previous work Anderson has highlighted the distinctive national identity of, for instance, Java or Siam, here he muddies the picture, showing not just that nationalism is a construct adaptable to different circumstances but that even the most heralded local hero may march under several flags. Anderson foregrounds Filipino nationalism – at a time when the Philippines was under Spanish rule – situating this movement within the late- 19 th century global milieu of politically charged art and literature, anarchist stunts, and widespread anticolonial, anticapitalist strivings. Still, Anderson’s most recent book, Under Three Flags: Anarchism and the Anti-Colonial Imagination, complicates Pramoedya’s assertion that Max Havelaar and Indonesia “sparked” the decolonization process. ![]() Benedict Anderson – renowned both as a Southeast Asianist and a political theorist – lauds it as well for its unprecedented anticolonial punch. Pramoedya is not alone in his esteem for Douwes Dekker’s novel. The book became the Uncle Tom’s Cabin of the Dutch East Indies – galvanizing liberals in the (global) North, and forcing the Dutch government to adopt a relatively more compassionate “ethical policy.” Dutch-educated Indonesians, many inspired by this former colonial official’s novel, launched a nationalist movement in the early 20 th century that culminated in revolution in the ’ 40s and inspired counterparts across European empires. He poured his frustration into Max Havelaar, whose title character is a Dutch colonial official who turns against the system of forcing Javanese farmers to grow cash crops to ensure steady profits for Dutch investors in what is now Indonesia. As Pramoedya explained, this now largely-forgotten book touches on two key “processes” of the past millennium: the intercultural mixing prompted by the West’s search for spices and the emancipatory educational opportunities provided to colonial subjects.Ī long-time civil servant in the Dutch East Indies government, Douwes Dekker resigned when his charges of official corruption fell on deaf ears. When the New York Times Magazine, for an end-of-the-millennium special issue, asked the oft-persecuted Indonesian novelist Pramoedya Ananta Toer to choose the best story of the last 1, 000 years, he offered a somewhat ironic selection: the 1860 work of Dutchman Eduard Douwes Dekker, Max Havelaar, or the Coffee Auctions of the Dutch Trading Company. ![]()
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